高考英语答题技巧题型04 词义猜测题（解题技巧）（解析版）Word（13页）

题型04 词义猜测题 词义猜测题解题解题模板 1. 词根词缀法 ：熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀。 2. 同位解释法 如：关键词mean, be, refer, be called, be known as 或定语从句、同位语、逗号、破折号 等后的内容解释说明画线词句的意思。 3. 逻辑关系法 如：转折、举例、递进、对比、因果、选择关系等。 4. 上下求索找替代法 ；推敲代词所在句和前后相邻句中所代替的词语。 注意：在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有 对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义 或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。 命题点01 代词指代题 代词指代题旨在考查考生对文章的理解和把握能力。文章中的代词it, that, he, him, them 等可以指上文提 到的人或物，其中 it 和 that 还可以指一件事 。需要运用“找替代法”认真阅读、仔细推敲代词所在句和前 后相邻句，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，弄清来龙去脉，从而准确推断其所指代的对象。有时代 命题特点 词义猜测题在高考中出现次数通常是1 题。根据上下文猜测生词含义或熟词生义是考生必须掌握的一项 重要阅读技能。生词不是孤立封闭的，它出现的句子、段落，都会留下很多暗示和线索。根据生词与上下 文之间的关系就可推测出生词的含义。 考查方向 题目类型包括代词指代题、单词或短语猜测题、句意猜测题。 词指代的对象相隔较远，需要认真查找；有时需要对前文提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对 象。 【典例01】 A 2010 law bad already banned smartphones during "all teaching activity" in France. But the new rules say smartphones and tablets are not allowed even during breaks. Students who bring these digital devices to school have to keep them in their backpacks and turned off, If they want to call their parents, schools will help. However, the new law doesn’t forbid students to turn to them during extra-curricular activities. It also makes an exception for disabled students. What does the underlined word "them" in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Disabled students. B．Digital devices. C．Backpacks. D．Students' parents. 【答案】B 【模板】运用“上下求索找替代法”。 【解析】词义猜测题。第一段中划线词句上一句“Students who bring these digital devices to school have to keep them in their backpacks and turned off, if they want to call their parents, schools will help.(把这些数码设备 带到学校的学生必须把它们放在书包里，并关掉，如果他们想给父母打电话，学校会提供帮助)”说明学生 可以把这些数码设备带到学校关掉不能使用，再根据划线词句“However, the new law doesn’t forbid students to turn to them during extra-curricular activities.(然而，新法律并不禁止学生在课外活动中求助于them)”转折 的语义可以推断，划线单词“them”指代上文的“数码设备”。故选B 项。 【典例02】 Here’s one more tip from Dr. Gerba, who says our kitchen sink is probably dirtier than our toilet. “If an alien came from space and studied the bacterial counts, he probably would conclude he should wash his hands in your toilet and go to the bathroom in your sink.” He says that’s because the kitchen sink is a great place where E. coli(大 肠杆菌)to live and grow since it’s wet and damp. Bacteria feed on the food that people put down the drain or— that’s left on dishes in the sink. To reset your sink’s bacteria count back to zero, you’d better regularly wash it with hot water and sanitize your sink with special chemicals. In fact, you may want to do it every day or before preparing dinner. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The food. B．The toothbrush. C．The sink. D．The chemical. 【答案】 A 【模板】上下求索找替代法 【解析】词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“that people put down the drain（人们放在下水道里）”和“ that ’s left on dishes in the sink.（水槽里的盘子上的）”可知，这两句话是并列地定语从句，修饰先行词food，此 处that 指代的是“food”，在定语从句中作主语。第4 段中带下划线的“that”是指食物。故选A 项。 命题点02 单词（短语）猜测题 该题型重在考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力。是从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的 已知部分（尤其是该词或短语前后的句子）进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围 涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词生义的猜测或能被哪个词或短语替代等。 【典例01】 （2023·福建·高三校联考阶段练习） The timetable for this game-changing ability to turn white fat to brown fat is predicted to be less than five years away after human studies start. If scientists find a way to replace white fat with brown fat, it will likely mitigate risks of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and brain disorder greatly and provide increased energy levels. That is, you become operationally younger. Bring it on! What does the underlined word “mitigate” in the last paragraph mean? A．Assess. B．Reduce. C．Identify. D．Involve. 【答案】 B 【模板】根据“同位解释法”和“逻辑关系法”。 【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“If scientists find a way to replace white fat with brown fat (如果科 学家找到一种用棕色脂肪代替白色脂肪的方法)”和下文“… risks of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and brain disorder greatly and provide increased energy levels. That is, you become operationally younger. (……糖尿病、心脏病、中风和大脑紊乱等疾病的风险，并提供了更高的能量水平。也就是说，你的身体运 转变得更年轻)”可知，此处在描述用棕色脂肪代替白色脂肪的好处，这可以让人体运转得更好。由此推知， 这可以减轻这些疾病的风险，mitigate 意思应该是“减轻，缓解”，与reduce 意思相近。故选B 项。 【典例02】 （2023 黑龙江高三专项练习） At first, she drove through Montana and then she made her first cross-country trip in 2016. After she retired in 2017, it became a full-time job all year round. Collins and her mobile bookstore have visited 30 states, stopping at festivals and events along the way. While the locations change, some things always stay the same. Collins loves meeting people and making connections. While she loves what she does, Collins doesn’t think she can keep doing it. In several years, she hopes to pass her traveling bookstore onto another bibliophile who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road. What does the underlined word “bibliophile” in the last paragraph mean? A．A book lover. B．A publisher. C．A famous writer. D．An editor. 【答案】A 【模板】根据“同位解释法”。 【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后定语从句“who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road.(他 们有共同的兴趣，并且会一直坚持下去。)”可知，该词意为“书籍爱好者”，与a book lover 项同义。故选 A 项。 命题点03 句意猜测题 该题型大多考查句子的寓意，而非字面含义，且与文章的主旨或段落主题密切相关,。解题需运用上下求 索和逻辑关系推断句意。 【典例01】 College is an ideal place to practice adults’ responsibility and independence. Students need to make their own decisions about whether to get out of bed and go to work in the morning. Maybe your child hasn’t learned this lesson by now, but he or she has to learn it sometime. An alarm clock’s job is to wake you up, but it does not provide a reason. What does the underlined sentence mean in the last paragraph? A．An alarm clock is necessary for a kid. B．A kid should buy a talking alarm clock. C．A kid should get up early for learning without any reason. D．A kid should always maintain a sense of responsibility and independence. 【答案】 D 【模板】根据“上下求索找替代”和“逻辑关系法”。 【解析】句意猜测题。根据最后两段的“College is an ideal place to practice adults’ responsibility and independence. Students need to make their own decisions about whether to get out of bed and go to work in the morning. Maybe your child hasn’t learned this lesson by now, but he or she has to learn it sometime.”可知，大学 是培养成年人的责任感和独立性的理想场所。学生需要自行决定是否早上起床去上学。也许你的孩子目前 尚未懂得这一点，但他或她必须在某个时候明白这一点。划线句子从表面上理解为：闹钟的作用是唤醒你， 但没有给出你起床的原因。即闹钟的作用是提醒你不要错过上学的时间，但是它无法告诉你为什么要起来 去上学。结合划线句子前面的内容可知，作为大学生，你应该有一份责任感和独立自主的能力，心中有自 己的目标，能够独立地做出决定，而不是因为闹钟响起了就要去上学。因此划线句子实际的意思是“孩子 们应该始终保持责任心和独立性”。故选D。 【典例02】 ...... High-school student Savannah Wakefield reflected if art as we know it today would have been different without teachers. Would Monet have discovered his talent for impressionism? Los Angeles-based Miles Horst, who won the 1000 USD prize for the best adult submission imagines a world where teachers are replaced by a “brain box” in his fun lively entry. Youth category winner Marina Barham’s video represents a fact we all know but often forget. Teachers don’t just teach, they inspire-something that no electronic device, no matter how smart, can do! So the next time you think your teacher is being “mean” for trying to channel you in the right direction, imagine life without him/her. We have feeling it will not appear as rosy! What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 suggest? A．A world without teachers will be unimaginable. B．The future of teachers’ work appears inspiring. C．Teaching is quite different from other jobs. D．Many people attach more importance to teaching 【答案】 A 【模板】运用“上下求索找替代”和“逻辑关系法”。 【解析】词句猜测题。由最后一段中的Teachers don’t just teach they inspire something that no electronic device，no matter how smart, can do! So the next time you think your teacher is being “mean” for trying to channel you in the right direction, imagine a life without him/her 可知，老师不仅仅是在教授知识，他们还能激 发，任何智能的电子设备，都无法做到的东西！所以下次你觉得你的老师为了引导你走向正确的方向，而 变得”刻薄”的时候，想象一下没有他/她的生活。由此可知，划线词的意思是“一个没有老师的世界是不 可想象的”。故A 选项正确。 1. Viewers are deserting awards shows in groups and something needs to be done. But what？Reorganize them to celebrate really popular work？That's what the Oscars put forward last year when it suggested a best popular film category and ﹣ it was swiftly booed（喝倒彩）out of town. What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to？ A．The best popular film ca