高考英语答题技巧题型03 主旨大意题（解题技巧）（解析版）Word（21页）

题型03 主旨大意题 主旨大意题解题思维 1. 主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句 子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。 2.一般说来说明文和议论都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。 3.不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，抓每一段的主旨句，一般在段首。理清楚段与段之间逻辑关系 然后自己归纳总结。 模板1 标题归纳题 命题特点 主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2 题，但题目具有一定难度。这类试题主要考查通过快速 浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。 考查方向 主旨大意题题干关键词best title, main idea/theme/subject, mainly about 等。题目类型包括标题归纳题、 段落大意题、文章大意题。 命题规律 1. 段首、段尾处常考 2. 转折词处常考 3. 因果关系处常考 4. 问题处常考 标题模板 1. 简洁：短小精悍，多为短语,动名词短语或祈使句。 2. 概括：概括全文、涵盖性强、体现主旨； 3. 针对：标题外延与文章内容相符，范围一致，不会以偏概全； 4. 醒目：新颖奇特，激发读者的阅读兴趣； 答题规律 1. 正面思维肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，串联细节共同点，断定标题。； 2. 逆向思维否定法：抛开原文，设想各个选项为“标题”用它们写出来的“文章”会 是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，依次排除不符选项； 3. 研读备选项差异：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。 干扰项特点 断章取义(仅为文中一细节)、以偏概全、物种生有、范围过大。 模板2 段落大意题 结构法和关键词法 1. 总分：主题句在段首； 2. 分总：主题句在段尾； 3. 总分总：主题句段首尾前后呼应； 4. 分总分：开头抛砖引玉，主题在段总； 5. 关键词：抓住段落中出现频率较高的关键词，然后对其概括和归纳，确定段落大意。 答题规律 主题句的判断 段首 段尾 1. 主题句多为段首第一句(观点或对象)；或第一句抛砖引玉引出第二句。 2. 主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。 段中 前面的话是为引出主题而摆出问题或现象。 无主题句 没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。重点提炼各个段落首句，兼顾尾句。 模板3 文章大意题 四种方法巧利用 1. 文体法：新闻报道主旨在第一句；说明文主旨在第一段或第二段；议论文主旨在首段或尾段；记叙文主 旨一般在尾段或首尾呼应。 2. 主题句法：读文章标题；略读各段首尾句；读首段和尾端；读逻辑关联词后的句子内容。 3. 高频词法：寻找文中出现频率较高的关键词。 4. 概括法：中心主旨隐含在句子中，需要考生根据已知的细节归纳出文中的大意。 主题句特点 1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词，通常是主旨。 命题点01 标题归纳题 【典例01】 （2023·浙江嘉兴·统考一模） It was a quiet morning in the library, and we librarians were enjoying a rather loud chat. Suddenly, a patron (常 客) marched up to us, gave us an annoyed “Shush!” and went back to her seat. How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around? Well, it’s complicated. If you’re like me, a middle-aged woman, you probably remember libraries as places of silent reading. These days, however, libraries are more like active community centers. In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers. Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. Along with more programs for ever-younger children, technology today has played a part in the transformation of libraries into places where both kids and adults can use computers, make something on a 3D printer and more. In addition, many libraries now offer programs for adults, who can participate in in book discussion, learn calligraphy, and even take college classes. Of course, libraries still need peaceful phones. These days, many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas. They are also less noisy in the early afternoons, after morning children’s programs and before the after- school kid crowd arrive. It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron, we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked. Still, it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence. There’s just too much fun and learning happening. 46．What would be the best title for the text? A．Libraries Should be Loud B．Reading Can be Fun in Libraries C．Libraries Make Learning Happen D．Library Programs Target Children 【答案】 46．A 【模板】简洁、概括、醒目、针对性。 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章就现在图书馆提出自己观点——图书馆应是一个热闹的地方。运用答题规 律“正面 思维肯定法” 在理解文章主旨的基础上，串联细节共同点，断定标题。由文章最后一段“It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron, we should have been using our ‘library voices’ as we talked. Still, it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence. There’s just too much fun and learning happening. (现在我很清楚，在我和同事们被一位常客嘘的那天， 我们应该在交谈时使用我们的‘图书馆声音’。尽管如此，图书馆不太可能再回到沉寂的时代。有太多的 乐趣和学习正在发生。)”以及上文可知，本文主要讲图书馆不应该一如既往是一个安静的地方，而应该变 得热闹起来。故选A 项。 【典例02】 （2023·广东深圳·高三校考阶段练习） Today, poetry and science are often considered to be mutually exclusive career paths. But that wasn’t always the case. The mathematician A da Lovelace and the physicist James Clerk Mahwah were both accomplished poets. The poet John Keats was a licensed surgeon. Combining the two practices fell out of favor in the 1800s. But translating research into lyrics, haiku, and other poetic forms is resurging (再现) among scientists as they look for alternative ways to inspire others with their findings. “Poetry is a great tool for questioning the world,” says Sam Illingworth, a poet and a geoscientist who works at the University of Western Australia. Through workshops and a new science-poetry journal, called Consilience, Illingworth is helping scientists to translate their latest results into poems that can attract appreciation from those outside of their immediate scientific field. Stephany Mazon, a scientist from the University of Helsinki in Finland, joined one of Illingworth’s workshops. In the workshop, she was grouped with other scientists and tasked with writing a haiku, a 17-syllable- long poem, which spotlighted water, a fluid that featured in all of the group members’ research projects. “It was a lot of fun, and surprisingly easy to write the poem,” Mazon says. She plans to continue writing. “We do a disservice(伤害) to ourselves to think that scientists can’t be artistic and that art can’t be use a to communicate scientific ideas,” Mazon says. That viewpoint is echoed by Illingworth, who thinks science communication initiatives are too often dominated by public lectures with their hands-off PowerPoint slides. “Actually, when science communication involves writing and sharing poems, it invites a two-way dialogue between experts and nonexperts,” he says. Scientist-poet Manjula Silva, an educator at Imperial College London, agrees. Poetry provides a way to translate complex scientific concepts into a language that everyone can understand, Silva says. Scientists and poets are both trying to understand the world and communicate that understanding with others. The distinction between scientists and poets is less than people might think. We’re all just people with hopefully really interesting things to say and to share. 39．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Poetry: A Great Tool to Question the World B．Scientists Take on Poetry C．Science Communication: A Two-way Dialogue D．Scientists and Poets Think Alike 【答案】 39．B 【模板】运用“ 正面思维肯定法” ，串联细节共同点，运用标题模板简洁、概括、醒目、针对性。 【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家和诗人之间的联系。文章提到了一些名人，以显示诗歌和科 学并不总是被认为是互相排斥的职业道路。 39．主旨大意题。文中提到了一些历史人物，如数学家 Ada Lovelace 和物理学家James Clerk Maxwell 都是 杰出的诗人，说明诗歌和科学在过去并不是相互排斥的领域。但是在19 世纪，将两种领域结合起来的做法 逐渐没落。现在，随着科学家们在寻找更多向外部人员灌输科研成果的方法，将研究成果转化为诗歌、俳 句等文学形式的做法再次流行起来。文章介绍了Sam Illingworth 学者和诗人的身份交替和新的科学诗歌杂 志 Consilience，以及他如何鼓励科学家们将自己的成果转化为韵文和诗歌，从而向更广泛的受众灌输他们 的最新研究成果。此外，文章也引用了科学家Manjula Silva 的观点，认为诗歌为将复杂的科学概念转化为 大家都可以理解的语言提供了方便，综上，文章主要强调科学家开始研究诗歌（通过石刻的形式传播科 学）。B 选项“科学家研究诗歌”最符合文章标题。故选B。 命题点02 段落大意题 【典例01】 （2023·湖南长沙·高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习） Despite being connected online, no matter what state you’re from, each city still retains its own language and slang. At my public high school in Los Angeles, we had our own secret language. A party was a “yart”. A beer was a “brewsky”. If I tried to use these words in front of anyone that didn’t live in Los Angeles, they would have no idea what was going on. When I came to college and used these words around my roommate from the East Coast, she would look at me with a blank stare. ...... Whether the way we talk is regional or from online, the soul of communication lies in its power to connect people, foster understanding, and facilitate interactions that shape our personal and social lives. I have often found it’s the way we connect with the people we live around. 58．What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph? A．The means of communication. B．